中部3省城市建设用地功能时空演化特征

定量识别区域城市建设用地功能演化特征与模式,是推进可持续城市建设用地开发利用与管理、助力新型城镇化等国家战略的重要基础。从人口承载、生产与消费、公共服务3个方面构建了城市建设用地功能评价指标体系与模型,以地级市为研究单元探究了2000~2014年期间我国中部3省多尺度城市建设用地功能演化特征与模式。研究结果表明:(1)中部3省城市建设用地人口承载、生产与消费、公共服务和综合功能总体呈改善趋势,但演化过程复杂;(2)不同尺度尤其是城市群地区城市建设用地功能演化特征差异明显。沿长江和城市群地区城市建设用地功能演化强度高,但城市群地区空间异质性较强;(3)城市建设用地功能演化以复合型演化模式为主,演化格局复杂。其中,城市建设用地人口承载功能演化模式类型最多,且局部地区呈衰退型演化格局;城市建设用地生产与消费、公共服务功能和综合功能演化模式类型相对较少,且大多集中连片分布,武汉城市建设用地综合功能加速改善型演化特征显著。如何深入探究城市建设用地功能演化模式形成机理,并系统制定多级城市建设用地可持续利用管理策略,是实现我国新型城镇化和"美丽中国梦"等战略的重要任务。     

Driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs in the eastern part of Denmark in 2015 and 2016: Abuse patterns and trends

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the frequency of psychoactive drugs and alcohol in drivers under suspicion of driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol in 2015 and 2016 in the eastern part of Denmark. The trends in the number of traffic cases sent for drug analysis since 2000 and alcohol analysis since 2011 are also discussed.

Methods: Blood samples from drivers suspected of being under the influence of alcohol and/or medication and/or illicit drugs in 2015 and 2016 were investigated as requested by the police. The blood samples were screened for alcohol and/or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alone, for other drugs (covering all drugs, except THC, listed in the Danish list of narcotic drugs), or for THC and other drugs. Age and gender were also recorded. The number of drug traffic cases since 2000 and the number of alcohol cases since 2011 were extracted from our Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS).

Results: In total, 11,493 traffic cases were investigated. Alcohol and/or drugs exceeded the legal limit in 9,657 (84%) cases. Men constituted 95% of the drivers investigated for drugs and 88% of the alcohol cases. The drivers investigated for drugs consisted primarily of young men, whereas drivers investigated for alcohol were older.

The frequency was higher for positive alcohol cases above the legal limit (87%) than for drug cases (76%) above the fixed concentration limit. THC (67–69%) was the most frequently detected drug above the legal limit, followed by cocaine (27–28.5%), amphetamine (17%), and clonazepam (6–7%) in both years. Morphine (5.4%), included among the 5 most frequent drugs in 2015, was replaced by methadone (4.6%) in 2016. Few new psychoactive drugs (NPS) were detected.

The number of traffic cases sent for drug analysis has increased more than 30-fold since 2000–2006, and the number of traffic cases submitted in 2016 for drug analysis was higher than the number for alcohol analysis; the latter has decreased since 2011.

Conclusion: Overall, alcohol was the most frequent compound detected above the legal limit in both years, followed by the well-known illicit drugs THC, cocaine, and amphetamine. NPS were seldom seen. One consequence of the increased focus on drugs in traffic has been an immense increase in drug traffic cases sent for analysis since 2006 in the eastern part of Denmark. Although this survey revealed only minimal changes compared to earlier investigations, surveys like this are invaluable for monitoring abuse patterns and trends in drugged and drunken driving.     

长三角地区人口密度模型及增长模式:1982～2010

基于熵值法对上海、南京和杭州影响力进行综合评价,运用Arc GIS点距离工具测算各空间单元到沪宁杭的距离,然后借鉴重力模型,将长三角地区划分为以上海、南京和杭州为中心的3个城市经济区,并进行区域人口密度模型拟合。相比线性、指数和乘幂模型,对数模型能更好地拟合经济区内各县、县级市或市辖区人口密度与其到各自经济区中心距离的关系。而相比上述基础模型,基于基础模型的二次模型拟合的判定系数更高,拟合效果更好。其中,对数二次模型拟合的判定系数最高,且明显优于基础模型。基于对数二次模型的人口密度变动的空间差异,沪、宁、杭经济区增长模式可以总结为"强向心集聚"和"近域扩散",但不同区域不同时段增长模式存在差异。     

贝加尔湖高压分裂过程对绥化市重污染的影响

为探究贝加尔湖高压分裂过程对绥化市2020年1月份持续性重污染事件的影响,以WRF中尺度气象预报数据及气象观测数据为分析基础,分析了2020年1月9~21日的天气形势及气象要素变化,并结合污染物浓度观测数据及PM_2.5组分观测数据（13~21日）,分析了该过程中污染物浓度变化及化学组分特征.结果表明：此次污染过程由贝加尔湖分裂高压引起的持续性静稳天气造成,11~20日期间,空气质量指数AQI变化范围为182~329,其中有9d污染状况为重度及以上污染;重污染期间,地面风速最低下降至0.5m/s左右,能见度下降至1km左右,且出现逆温层,大气扩散条件差;持续性静稳天气导致大气氧化性增强,氧化剂浓度（ρ（NO₂）+ρ（O₃））约94~118 μg/m³,相对湿度约为94%,ρ（SO₄^2-）、ρ（NH₄⁺）最大日增量达28.59、11.32μg/m³,增长速度相比于14日分别增加了1264%、1270%,高湿高氧化性的大气环境显著促进了二次无机盐的生成.贝加尔湖高压分裂过程导致持续性静稳天气,加之污染物的本地排放与积累,增加了大气氧化性,进而形成绥化市持续性重污染天气.     

汾渭平原复杂地形影响下冬季PM2.5污染分布特征、来源及成因分析

汾渭平原受其复杂地形特征及产业结构影响,和京津冀、长三角地区一起被列为大气污染重点防治区域.本研究应用2014—2019年冬季中国环境监测总站汾渭平原各城市的六大空气污染物逐小时数据,结合欧洲中心ERA-5数据,利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型及T-model斜交旋转主成分分析法（PCT）,揭示过去6年汾渭平原冬季颗粒物浓度演变规律,厘清汾渭平原复杂地形影响下大气污染来源特征、潜在源区及成因,识别影响汾渭平原冬季空气污染的主要天气系统类型.HYSPLIT模拟结果表明,冬季喇叭口地形城市主要受本地和邻近区域污染源影响;山区盆地地形城市更易受到100~300 km距离以内污染源的传输影响,其中,来自陕北的气团对其影响最大;峡谷地形城市更易受到300~600 km范围内污染源的传输影响;平原地形城市的污染物浓度受区域传输的影响较大.影响汾渭平原冬季颗粒物重污染的天气系统可分为高压前部型、高压后部型、均压场型及低压倒槽型,其中,高压前部型是汾渭平原冬季重污染时段最易出现的天气形势.     

北京市夏季不同O3和PM2.5污染状况研究

从天气背景场、气象要素、前体物和PM_(2.5)化学组分、气团运动轨迹以及大气氧化性等方面对北京市夏季两种不同的O_3和PM_(2.5)污染状况进行了分析.结果表明,O_3达到中度污染而PM_(2.5)浓度优良(O_3和PM_(2.5)一高一低)污染状况的天气形势场为:高空为偏西北气流,地面受高压后部控制;而O_3和PM_(2.5)同时达到中度污染(O_3和PM_(2.5)两高)的天气形势场为:高空为偏西气流,地面受低压控制.与O_3和PM_(2.5)一高一低污染状况相比,O_3和PM_(2.5)两高时的气象要素特征为:偏南风更为明显和相对湿度更高.O_3和PM_(2.5)两高时污染物浓度演变特征为,O_3和PM_(2.5)的起始浓度较高,PM_(2.5)日变化特征更为明显,而O_3平均浓度却低于O_3和PM_(2.5)一高一低的污染状况.前体物、大气氧化性以及PM_(2.5)化学组分分析的结果表明,较高的起始浓度在不利气象条件下的积累和吸湿增长以及当天较大偏南风造成的区域传输可能是造成O_3和PM_(2.5)两高污染状况中PM_(2.5)浓度达到四级中度污染的主要原因.     

广州市流溪河水体中6种内分泌干扰素时空分布特征与环境风险

以雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、双酚A(BPA)、壬基酚(4-NP)、辛基酚(4-t-OP)和三氯生(TCS)这6种内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs)为对象,研究其在广州市流溪河水体中的时空分布特征,并对其雌激素活性进行风险评价.结果表明,14个监测点均有EDCs检出,总范围在26.07~7 109.5 ng·L-1,以4-NP贡献最高(78.62%),其次为BPA(11.91%),其他4种目标物浓度均较低(≤4.92%).时空变化上,EDCs浓度从上游至下游逐渐增加,尤其是下游支流中EDC浓度偏高;丰水期4-NP、4-t-OP浓度显著高于枯水期(P0.05),而E1、E2、BPA则呈相反趋势.相关性分析显示,DO与6种EDCs浓度变化呈显著负相关,高锰酸盐指数、EC、TN、TP、NH+4-N与E1、E2、BPA、TCS呈显著正相关,而与4-NP相关性不显著(P0.05),说明E1、E2、BPA、TCS可能与氮、磷营养盐污染同源.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)显示,流溪河水体中EDCs的季节性变化比空间变化更为明显(RDA1 56.14%RDA2 14.20%),丰水期水体中EDCs浓度变化主要受4-NP影响,而枯水期则主要受BPA影响.与世界范围内水体中EDCs浓度相比,流溪河中下游河段4-NP、BPA和TCS浓度处于较高水平,其他3种目标物处于中低水平.风险评价结果显示,流溪河中下游河段风险熵值RQ值均大于1,说明该区域具有高雌激素活性风险.     

黄土高原地区两种土地利用方式CO2和N2O排放特征

为探究黄土高原地区两种不同土地利用方式下二氧化碳(CO_2)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)的排放特征,在长武黄土高原农业生态试验站,分别以15 a树龄的果园和麦田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对土壤CO_2和N_2O的排放进行了周年(2017年7月～2018年7月)田间原位观测.试验共设置果园施肥(AF)、果园对照(ACK)、小麦施肥(WF)和小麦对照(WCK)这4个处理.结果表明,土壤CO_2和N_2O排放随季节变化明显,降雨和施肥后均出现明显排放峰.AF处理的CO_2和N_2O累积排放量比WF处理高7. 14%和461. 4%.但ACK的CO_2累积排放量比WCK低10. 41%,而N_2O的累计排放量比WCK高109. 5%.果园N_2O的排放通量与表层土壤温度、水分显著正相关(P 0. 01),果园和麦田的CO_2排放通量均与表层土壤温度显著正相关(P 0. 05),而与表层土壤水分相关性不显著.因此,田间管理和环境因素综合影响土壤CO_2和N_2O排放,施肥量和土壤水热是造成两种土地利用方式CO_2和N_2O的排放特征和温室效应差异的主要因素.     

基于视频数据的城市隧道交通运行特征与安全研究

为降低城市隧道交通事故率,提高车辆出行安全,以上海市翔殷路跨江隧道为研究对象,利用视频采集技术、车辆跟踪调查采集隧道交通运行数据,分析城市隧道交通运行特征及驾驶员在隧道内驾驶行为特征,并进一步研究其与隧道交通事故的关系。对隧道内车辆的速度、密度分布,变道行为进行分析,发现隧道南线入口处内外断面平均车速的显著差异可以解释该处追尾事故高发,隧道内车辆频繁变换车道导致隧道侧碰事故占较大比例。为改善城市隧道交通安全,在隧道内进行限速和限制车辆变道是必要的。     

Interannual fluctuations in acoustic biomass estimates and in landings of small pelagic fish populations in relation to hydrology in the Strait of Sicily

The main results of research work carried out since 1998 with regard to the application of hydro-acoustic technologies for the evaluation of biomass and distribution of small pelagic fish species off the southern coast of Sicily are presented, taking into account information from hydrology and from ecology of the fish populations targeted. The biomass estimates and the population-density charts presented concern the two main species, i.e. sardine Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758). Both the sardine and anchovy populations experienced large inter-annual fluctuations, with biomass estimates ranging from 6000 to over 36,000 tonnes (t) (sardine) and from about 7000 to 23,000 t (anchovy). Acoustic estimates are largely consistent with landings recorded in Sciacca (the main fishing port for small pelagic species in the study area) during the year following the evaluation surveys. In addition, trends in sardine and anchovy biomass estimates appears to be negatively correlated with the mean sea surface temperature calculated over the time intervals January-September (sardine) and June-November (anchovy) of the preceding year, which correspond to larval and juvenile growth periods of target species. Observed patterns would suggest the importance of enrichment processes relevant to the survival of early stages, so determining recruitment success and finally higher population sizes.